The 4 Important Things You Must Know Before Becoming A Homeland Security Specialist

July 19th, 2009 at 07:06pm Under Juvenile Law

Homeland security is increasingly in the news these days and in fact has been so since the morning of September 11, 2001. Homeland security is needed on all levels of government, including federal, state and local. Usually, if you work as a homeland security specialist, you can work right in your home without having to move elsewhere.
Jobs to consider as a homeland security specialist include a border crossing guard, providing airport security, or functioning as a security specialist for your federal, state or local government. Below are four things you’ll need to know to become a homeland security specialist.1. You will need to study the juvenile mindset and juvenile justice
When you work in homeland security, it might surprise you to know that one of the things you need to be familiar with is work in the juvenile justice system. This is because there are many theories abound that the role of a terrorist actually has its roots in childhood. In other words, terrorists often become terrorists because they are raised in environments of abuse and neglect.
If this happens to the “right” individuals and they become enraged enough, they can see terrorism as a way not only to get even, but as a way to sometimes take care of their families; terrorist organizations often operate under the premise that if terrorists do as they say (including giving their own lives in the commission of terrorist acts), the organization will provide comfortably for that terrorist’s family when they might not even have the needs.2. You will need to understand the American legal system
The American legal system is hierarchical in nature and you’ll need to learn this. Because homeland security works with local law enforcement and the legal system, its focus on the rights of the individual versus the rights of society must stay in constant focus in your job as a homeland security specialist.3. You will need to understand cultural diversity and proper behavior therein
Gone are the days when you could be “politically incorrect” about people or unduly target them for harassment or even arrest them simply because of their race, religion, or ethnic background. Targeting someone unfairly simply because of their race, ethnicity, or another inconsequential characteristic could lead them getting away with a crime (even if they’ve done it) if it can be argued that they were unfairly targeted because of these types of characteristics.
Therefore, make sure you understand and accept cultural diversity on its face, so that you can target people for their behavior and not for physical appearance or something else. In addition, basing something on someone’s appearance can also make you overlook someone as a potential terrorist even though they might be one. Therefore, appearance is NOT the key when it comes to finding terrorists.4. You will need the proper education
Of course, you can’t simply become a homeland security specialist overnight. It takes training and education, and most homeland security specialists have had previous backgrounds in law enforcement. You must be physically, psychologically, and mentally capable of doing the job right.
There you have it! The 4 important things you need to know before becoming a homeland security specialist. For more information, search the Internet about becoming homeland security specialist.
Note: You are free to reprint or republish this article. The only condition is that the Resource Box should be included and the links are clickable.

How Misdemeanor or Felony Can be Removed From State Records

July 19th, 2009 at 01:06pm Under Juvenile Law

Be it felony or any sort of misdemeanor, it has became a part of everyday life. Crime committed as a juvenile haunts even in the after years, there is always a lurking doubt that any shadowy glance at one’s yesteryears may cost the person his dear job. However very recently Texas laws have changed dramatically with an outstanding decision which may provide relief to many. The law aptly states that in certain number of cases the records can be cleared off or at least made unavailable to the masses.

Texas criminal records may range from grave crimes to minor faults but with the new law getting pace, expungement in Texas is not that difficult. People sometimes undermine the situation and are unaware of the consequences that may follow. Employees at work may be fired with immediate effect, eligible people may be denied a job, if made public the record may create a sense of discrimination between co-workers. Keeping all these drawbacks in view it is very necessary that in Texas expunction of records is a must and why not? When the law clearly states so. Expunging your Texas criminal record form is also needed for the fact that landlords or public housing authorities can deny one’s right to housing. It is not that misdemeanors in Texas are not recorded or filed by the authorities; they are duly taken care of and may land the person in trouble after a considerable time span.

Felony record Texas covers all sorts of crimes ranging from armed robberies, assaults, drug sales and possession and even murder. Sometime a minor brawl takes the shape of a serious assault and the concerned person gets wrapped up in lengthy legal battle thereby ending his aspirations of a promising career. These criminal records expungement may sometimes be a bit hassle some but minor or petty faults such as parole violation, probation violation or traffic violation can be easily expunged.

Various agencies are there to help these people sort out their difficulty, people sometime wonder “how do I seal my juvenile felony record in Texas?” The answer to this problem is as simple, one just need to contact the appropriate institution and everything will be taken care off. Dallas Texas criminal public records show very clearly the defendant’s name, date of birth, race, sex, disposition date and sentence are updated regularly. These records often became a cause of humiliation and embarrassment in the society. The need of the hour is if you are ever convicted in Texas its high time your criminal record sealing is done as soon as possible.

So if you were ever denied a good job, any loan from a financial institution or your housing rights were deprived off due to any criminal records, there is nothing to be worried about because the law is there to help you out. Now the only hitch about filling in the proper form and whom to approach is only a click on the web and we can get to the desired destination.

When The Kids Do The Crime Who Should Be Held Responsible?

July 19th, 2009 at 07:06am Under Juvenile Law

The long argued debate over parents paying for their kid’s crimes was opened up again when the Los Angeles City Council was scheduled to discuss passing a law that would hold parents financially responsible for the graffiti vandalism caused by their children.

Under the proposed law, parents would be made to compensate for such vandalism and the money would be used to help clean and restore damaged property. Parents also would be required to participate in parenting classes.

L.A. County Sheriff Lee Baca announced publicly, the arrest of two adults and 10 juveniles in an anti-graffiti sweep targeting two main areas in city.

An Australian court, in July 2004, ordered the parents, of two teenagers, to pay (on an appeal) $60,000 to the owners of two properties, set alight by the teenagers. They had caused $400,000 worth of damage and one of the homes had to be totally rebuilt. The ruling is believed to be an Australian legal first.

Judge Denis Reynolds said the parents had generally been responsible around the time of the arson attacks. But he said they had not adequately supervised their children, who were using amphetamines and cannabis, as well as drinking alcohol.

Judge Reynolds said the compensation order was not to be seen as further punishment for the parents.

Kalgoolie lawyer, Carmel McKenzie, the lawyer representing the teenagers’ parents, argued her clients acted appropriately and responsibly during the period of the children’s upbringing. She said the parents did not deserve to be punished for their crimes of their children. She went on to say, “We’re used to, in our society, people being punished for what they have done but the concept of punishing somebody for something somebody else has done is obviously an unusual situation”.

One of the victims of the fire said, “At the end of the day, these are your children and they are your responsibility whether you like it or whether you don’t”.

There are however, others who would argue that the guardian cannot be held liable for willful actions committed by the child unless there is proof that the child was specifically led to the end result that a crime was committed.

While the argument over whether parents should be held responsible for their children’s crimes has raged for many years, Texas passed ordinances that imposed fines on both the parents and the underage criminals.

Silverton, Oregon, was the first state to adopt such a law in 1995, where parents can be charged up to $1,000 if their child is found carrying a gun, smoking cigarettes, or using illegal drugs. Parents who agree to participate in parenting classes may avoid the fines.

In the first two months after the law was passed at the beginning of 1995, seven parents were fined and many others enrolled to take part in parenting classes. The Oregon law applies to parents “failing to supervise a child”. It covers misdemeanours like breaking a curfew or skipping school. Fines range up to $1,000, with a payment of up to $2,500 to be paid to a victim. Juvenile crime rate has dropped 53%, since the law came into being.

Thirty-three states, across America, now require parents to pay retribution for crimes committed by their children.

The Benefits of Community Court in Santa Clarita

July 19th, 2009 at 01:06am Under Juvenile Law

Of the many things that frighten the parents of teens, perhaps the biggest is being told by the police that your child is being held for committing criminal acts. This is a reality for a lot of families throughout the Santa Clarita Valley area – suddenly being called upon to deal with an unexpected crisis. At most times, the juvenile is scared, embarrassed, and usually very sorry. Regardless of any remorse, the teen now has to come face to face with the criminal judicial system. When an adolescent is arrested for non-violent crimes like shoplifting, truancy, curfew violations, tagging, alcohol or drug possession, or other offenses that are considered minor, his or her case will be handled very seriously. Typically, there will be a hearing at juvenile hall in Sylmar, where, accompanied by a lawyer, the juvenile will stand before a judge, who will then mandate the offender to spend time in juvenile hall, pay restitution, perform community service, or pay very large fines. A criminal record will follow the youth for the remainder of his or her life, and any mistakes that occur during the probation period will land this youngster right back at juvenile hall. The City of Santa Clarita understands that kids can make mistakes, but those mistakes should be punished severely even if it is only the first offense. In order to make them pay the consequences for their own actions, but at the same time giving them the tools that they will need to avoid repeating the same mistakes, the City of Santa Clarita has joined in a partnership with the Santa Clarita Sheriff’s Department and also William S. Hart Union High School to develop a diversion program called Community Court. Rather than the normal juvenile hall scenario, teenagers who are first time offenders and who met other qualifications are sent to the Community Court. The Community Court will mandate a teen offender to appear before a volunteer judge, who is actually a local attorney, to talk about crime and the impact it will have on the victim and also the juvenile’s family; there will also be a serious discussion about the results of the juvenile’s behaviors. Since every juvenile must be held responsible for their own behaviors, the volunteer judges will hand down sentences like removing graffiti, attending teen choice classes, completing traffic school, paying restitution, attending programs for alcohol rehabilitation, or visiting the Youth Grove Memorial. Juveniles are usually assigned essays covering a number of different topics; these essays are then given to the victims and the Sheriff’s Department, as well as the juvenile’s parents. In addition to a small fine, a teen’s sentence may also include a brief probationary period, during which the juvenile is expected to carry good grades in school, start new activities to improve their growth, and avoid friends that may have influenced the youth’s bad behaviors in the first place. Once a teenager completes the probationary period, their legal record is expunged. He or she can honestly say ‘no’ when asked about having ever been convicted of a crime. Santa Clarita and its Sheriff’s department have seen a vast improvement in teenager crime rates since the Community Court program took effect in 2006. There have been fewer repeat offenders, better all-around behavior, and gratitude on the part of the teens in the community. During the inception of the program, I was asked by the City of Santa Clarita to be a volunteer judge for the Santa Clarita Community Court. After looking at how this court operates and the advantages it offers youthful offenders, I was very proud to accept their appointment. It is a great experience to be able to give back to our wonderful community and help teenagers during a very important time of their lives. I am a firm believer that the right counseling and guidance is a much better avenue for first time offenders who have committed non-violent crimes. This program has demonstrated that the main goal of the Community Court is to improve our youth culture through forgiveness, while also holding teenagers accountable for their behaviors.

How To Use Social Media To Get The Word Out About Single Payer

July 18th, 2009 at 07:06pm Under Juvenile Law

Finding the Right Criminal Justice Career for You

July 18th, 2009 at 01:06pm Under Juvenile Law

A generation ago, pursuing a career in criminal justice usually meant either becoming a police officer or working in a legal field. But today, the criminal justice field offers dozens of different opportunities to serve the public. In fact, it can be very confusing when you discover how many different degrees are offered. It can be difficult to choose what type of degree to get for the kind of career in which you’re interested.
First, determine what kind of criminal justice career you want to focus on. Perhaps you want to focus on being a police officer or a sheriff. In many parts of the country, you can become a police officer or sheriff by going to a local academy without a college degree. However, a college education will help you earn promotions more quickly. If you want to be a state (rather than local) police trooper, you may need to get a Bachelor’s degree before entering the academy. So, it’s always a good idea to check the requirements by talking to officers in your area.
There are also several investigative careers that you might enjoy if you have good science skills. These include forensic sciences, behavioral sciences and forensic psychology. Graduates with degrees in these specialties can work for crime labs within police departments at the state and local levels, or work for the federal government through the FBI, CIA or the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms.
If the inner workings of the legal system appeal to you, perhaps a career as a probation officer, juvenile justice worker or social worker would be a good fit. These are all positions where you help implement the punishment or rehabilitation aspects of the criminal justice system. As a juvenile justice worker, it can be very rewarding to turn a young life around, but it takes strong a personality. You need to be a person who can handle the discouragement, as well.
The criminal justice field is growing rapidly, and college degrees are evolving to keep pace. With scientific investigative methods also constantly improving, new fields continue to emerge. Be sure you talk to several schools and find one that offers a program that’s a good fit for you. Some of the programs now offered include Criminal Justice/Forensic Science, which focuses upon collecting and analyzing the forensic evidence at crime scenes. Blood, trace evidence, and gunshot residue are examples of these types of evidence.
Criminal Justice/Juvenile Justice programs offer a thorough base of knowledge in juvenile law, correctional counseling, and community outreach. The program enables graduates to be juvenile counselors, probation officers or juvenile social workers. Criminal Justice/Private Security programs focus on discovery, search and seizure as well as special investigations with an eye toward becoming part of a private security force for a school, government or business.
The list of programs in which you can major is extensive, including various specialties such as Homeland Security, Private Investigations and Fraud Examination. Criminal justice workers can find rewarding jobs within the government, in the private sector or with a law firm. You’ll work closely with others who, like you, respect the law and want to contribute to upholding it while also earning a good living. Another perk is that others will look at you with respect when they know that you’ve dedicated yourself to a career that stands for law and order.

Virtual Law Enforcement Answered With Earning A Criminal Justice Degree Online

July 18th, 2009 at 07:06am Under Juvenile Law

Many individuals are drawn to considering law enforcement or criminal justice as career choices. Next to psychology, most people today consider a profession in law to be one that’s desirable and that offers strong job security. Colleges and campuses offering instruction in criminal justice are easy to find, but choosing to train for a criminal justice degree online may be the smarter choice, taking into consideration our technological world and its increasing need to crack down on virtual law enforcement. Receiving training in the very environment that many individuals will end up actually working in can boost appeal for prospective employers. What’s more, the personal requirements needed to obtain an online degree including determination, dedication and the will to achieve, are desirable ones for criminal justice areas, portraying to potential employers an individual serious about his or her career.
An Associate’s or Bachelor’s degree in criminal justice can open the door to many positions in the field, such as courtroom administrator, police officer, private security officer, probation or parole officer, juvenile delinquency case manager, corrections officer, or police detective. Even the very jobs that one would think need on-site training at campuses can be a possibility via online education. Colleges can provide a solid start in enforcement positions and once an individual has completed their criminal justice degree online, he or she can certainly move on to more in-depth training to narrow down the career of their choice and receive more pertinent, specific skills. Students wanting to increase their credentials can pursue a Master’s degree, which certainly makes any individual a strong contender for positions in the law enforcement industry.
A criminal justice degree can also involve other job options, such as becoming a paralegal or working in computer network security. Many enterprises and corporations look to save costs by hiring the services of paralegals or even employing a paralegal directly and having one on staff at all times. Tasks that were once thought to only involve lawyers are now being delegated more and more to paralegals, and the prospectus for employment options for this occupation is expected to rise as more businesses become savvy and seek to reduce expenses.
For network security considerations, technology and law enforcement meet head on, and skills tailor-made to deal with security breaches and cyber terrorists nearly guarantee job security in a high paying position. Insidious stealth attacks designed to bring companies crashing to their knees require highly skilled individuals with critical training toward valuable database information and protect businesses from unwanted infiltration, either by hackers, attackers or viral activity. Cyber security is claimed to be the top priority by 81% of business executives, and salaries are double what other online degrees might provide. The rewards of such a high-tech employment position and the growing demand for professionals makes this field a solid choice with strong job placement opportunities.
Online training is a good option for those individuals who need to work at their own pace or blend employment and family. The convenience of being able to earn college credits towards valuable certification, combined with pertinent instruction that rivals any education directly on site at college campuses, makes studying online an excellent option. Curriculum is offered by colleges that have a fine reputation and are recognized by employers and businesses, as well as large corporations. The business world has moved to embrace and accept technology, and also shown its approval of distance education. A criminal justice degree online is more than enough for individuals to be attractive additions to any enterprise and can provide job security in an age where turnover can be high and solid qualifications are important to professional survival.

Traffic School Teacher/mother Explains New California Teen Driving Laws

July 18th, 2009 at 01:07am Under Juvenile Law

“I think they’re stupid!”

This was the from-the-heart answer that I received from my son (that just started driver training last weekend) when I asked him what he thought about the new, stricter laws for young drivers in California that came into play just a few years back.

Then, after the “uh-oh, she’s going to write about this” look of realization came across his face he added, “But it’s probably actually smart because when teenagers first learn to drive they are all crazy, and then, after a while, they calm down. And it would be bad if they got a ticket and had to go to traffic school, right?”

I smiled at that answer. You have got to give the kid credit for trying.

“So what do you really think of the new laws?” I asked him.”They’re totally stupid!” he replied.

Becoming a licensed driver for those under the age of 18 already required jumping through quite a few hoops. Just to get a permit to drive, a young driver must complete 30 hours of classroom driver training, after which they must pass a written test. Once they have their permit in hand, it will be another 6 months before they can apply for a drivers license. But sitting idle during this time is not an option. In that 6 months, the new driver must complete at least 6 hours of behind-the-wheel training from a DMV licensed school and another 50 hours of behind-the-wheel instruction from any licensed driver, 25 or over.

More than likely, if you are the parent or guardian of the young driver that means that you have just become an official driving and traffic school instructor.

If doing donuts in the parking lot of the mall in the early AM with your new driver makes you a tad nervous, perhaps I had better not mention that 10 of those 50 hours of additional training must be completed at night.

Then, after they pass the dreaded written test and the always nerve-racking behind-the-wheel exam at the DMV, the license that they receive has strings attached until they are 18. The license is called “provisional”; which in DMV-speak means, “If you mess up, even a little, we will take it back so fast that it will make your head spin – and one wrong move and you’ll be sentenced to juvenile traffic school which will put a serious crimp in several of your beloved Saturdays.”

Here is where the newer laws come in which are, no doubt, adding to teen angst throughout California. For the first 12 months that they have their license, a driver under 18 cannot drive between the hours of 11:00 PM-5:00 AM. Previously the law stated that they could not drive from 12:00 AM to 5:00 AM, with the restriction only lasting for 6 months.

The real whining, though, comes from the other updated provision. Now, new drivers cannot drive passengers under the age of 20, unless there is a licensed driver in the vehicle 25 years of age or over for an entire year after they first get their license, not just 6 months as before.

This effectively destroys all hope of joy-riding in the wee hours with your buds after you become a legal driver-for quite some time. Even better news for parents; a new driver can drive a little brother or sister around without penalty as long as they carry a signed parental note.

This was news that was especially thrilling to my about-to-be driving teenage son.

As a traffic school teacher and mother of a new driver, what do I think of the new laws?

They’re smart. Totally smart.

~

New Law Can Order Parents of Young Gang Members to Attend Parenting Classes

July 17th, 2009 at 07:06pm Under Juvenile Law

Lawmakers hope a new bill being enacted this year will reduce California’s gang violence. Here are the Facts First:

• The Parental Accountability Act allows courts to order parents of young gang members to attend parenting classes.

• Courses will teach parents how to identify gang and drug activity in their kids.

• They will also learn better communication skills with their children.

Gang violence has been in the forefront in Santa Barbara this year. Police have identified 700 gang members living in the city. The new law will hold parents of gang members accountable for their children’s actions.

Every day Tere Torres walks down San Pascual Street, she is reminded of the gang violence that killed a 16-year-old boy she once knew.

Torres met Lorenzo Carachure two weeks before he died. She remembers her conversation with him.

“I said you know what? Only one advice, don’t get involved with gangs and doing all this stuff, drugs and this and that, and you’ll see you’re going to be doing, very, very well,” she recalls.

Torres’ advice came too late.

According to police, Carachure was involved in a gang and stabbed by a rival member as he walked home. “I couldn’t believe it. It was very sad, very, very sad,” Torres says. This year, a new state law will hold parents of gang members accountable for their children’s actions. The law will allow juvenile court judges to send gang parents to parenting classes.

Torres thinks the law will be a good wake up call to some moms and dads. “I think parents, they don’t know what they are doing. Most of them they’re working all day and they don’t know what the kids are doing,” she says. The new law will also force parents to meet face to face with the families who have lost loved ones to gang violence.

“It’s a good idea because it will get parents to be more responsible for their kids actions,” says Martin Medina, a father in Santa Barbara with his kids. The parenting program will be funded by requiring parents to pay for the classes. The law also allows juvenile court judges to dismiss the costs for families with extreme financial difficulties.

The Law was introduced by Assembly Member Tony Mendoza who serves California’s 56th district in Los Angeles County.

Juvenile Delinquency

July 17th, 2009 at 01:06pm Under Juvenile Law

There is no denying the fact, due to detrimental state of affairs, a youngster may be infected with evil mind and as a result, he or she crumbles and stigmatizes by inflowing into the world of murkiness as well as misleading from where he or she can never get rid of. He commits felony, such as smuggling, robbing, murdering, grabbing and decrepitude etc. and malfunction waits for him everywhere. Even if, he is fascinated by incalculable but noxious outlawed equipment. Not being knowledgeable, he becomes captivated to evil works in society. He becomes unidentified about the world being brief and misapprehension of short-lived affairs, which has never-ending value in the real sense. In numerous times, it is pragmatic by degrees that he becomes go-getting and many unenthusiastic tricks are acted upon in communal life. He gets involved in proverbial activities being crooked and atrocious in real life situation for which the society cannot mull over him as an evil person; never the less; every body is in the way to run after such outlawed possessions. In countless times the horror cream of the crop greet him and shore up him to do the illegal thing. Thus a person becomes the leader of the country and occupies a very high-ranking pose in the society by doing all the forbidden things like bribing, mal practicing and thieving. Hence forth, it is seen that from every branches of the Government corruption is a common phenomenon for which the nation would like to lead a healthy life. Bangladesh is a highly colonized country and as such the double entendre among her resources and needs are prevailing every time to a great extent. Due to despondency of wealth, here one-fourth people cannot satisfy their daily needs for which no one is pleased with his family life. It is a very difficult doodad for someone to acquire a job, as there are fewer vacancies in offices, industries and so on. When people cannot find any business or occupation for earning their livelihood, they do not get any alternative measures except entrusting crimes. So being without a job is a reason for life form a criminal and the trailblazer apply this sense in malevolence comportment and sway him to do the job of roguish and dreadful deeds for which he remains exhausted through out his whole life.

As per scrawny socio-economic condition in our country, a child does not need a companion to live with society, friendship and love. That is why; the people make comradeship in the optimism to have good fortune to deal potential life. But all friend might not stand beside one

more friends in weal and woe. He from time to time pushes him towards hazardous life and prompts him for doing anti-social tricks, which is called ‘crime’ which is socially immoral in all respects. Therefore, being a wrong, he may be tainted with the illusory people. Suffice it to say that due to irritated socio-economic conditions prevailing in our country, our society of youths is leading very depressed life. They are found involving in mischievous deeds and put a stop to the people from dealing usual life as they are sometimes no longer lost to play a role of terrorists as well as miscreants. Due to the fact that deficiency is the crucial reason for doing unlawful battering on the part of the youths. Any person belonging to a poor family has to pass his days through hard struggle. He surely wants to develop his stipulation. On the other hand, for being underprivileged, he does not get prospects to be well-informed properly. Consequently, he cannot have any respectable occupation. At last, finding no other alternatives, he commits crime as his profession. If we are able to reach our goal as expected, it is universal that glory of success must wait for us in future. But we must have to work arduously for that golden opportunity. Otherwise our all hopes and aspirations will be nipped in the bud. No one cannot get salvation of ideal love and peace from God by following the path vices and misfortune. Dr. Faustus was an uncommon genius but by committing seven deadly sins with the exchange of his soul into the hell by taking 24 years kingdom in the eternal world had been thrown to the hell. Lucifer, the owner of the hail grew jealous of him for his talent and geniuses and made a deed by way of Mephistopheles with Faustus. Later, Faustus became lamented but due to his colossal crime, he was thrown to the hell for his misdeeds for long 24 years. That is to say, if a man is addicted to bad habits during childhood, he cannot get rid of from such criminal assault for which he has to repent on through out his whole life. Youth is the best season of good harvest and as such it is likes mild mud and henceforth, he needs to precede his life very carefully. Mainly for these three reasons, we are loosing many brightly illuminated resource personnel to place them on the basis of ‘Right man for the right place’ of our country. We need to end all these frolicsome activities. We must come across some way to get rid of mischievous debris and save the bewildered people of our country. The Government also should take actions against such awful activities. First of all, the people here should be aware of the explosion of population and they must not possess more than two children. Secondly, we need to be careful about making friendship, so that we don’t have any bad company. And at last, we must have to recognize the importance of education. No matter how poor we are, we have to try our level best to gain knowledge. In this context, Socrates said,” Knowledge is virtue, from knowledge, virtue and goodness flourish; from ignorance, he said, all that is evil.”

It has been stated that the States Parties should take all appropriate measures to secure the recovery of protection for the child from the parents or other persons having financial responsibility for the child, both within the State Party and from abroad. In particular, where the person having financial dependability for the child lives in a State different from that of the child, States Parties should promote the accession to international agreements or the conclusion of such agreements, as well as the making of other appropriate arrangements. It has been stated that the States Parties recognize the right of the child to education and with a view to achieving this right progressively and on the basis of equal opportunity, they should, in particular:

 Make primary education compulsory and available free to all;

 Encourage the development of different forms of secondary education, including general and vocational education, make them available and accessible to every child and take appropriate measures such as the introduction of free education and offering financial assistance in case of need;

 Make higher education accessible to all on the basis of capacity by every appropriate means;

 Make educational and vocational information and guidance available and accessible to all children;

 Take measures to encourage regular attendance at schools and the reduction of drop-out rates.

 States Parties should take all appropriate measures to ensure that school discipline is administered in a manner consistent with the child’s human dignity and in conformity with the present Convention.

It has been stated that the States Parties should promote and encourage international cooperation in matters relating to education, in particular with a view to contributing to the elimination of ignorance and illiteracy throughout the world and facilitating access to scientific and technical knowledge and modern teaching methods. In this regard, particular account should be taken of the needs of developing countries. States Parties agree that the education of the child should be intended for:

 The growth of the child’s personality, talents and mental and physical abilities to their fullest potential;

 The expansion of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and for the principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations;

 The progress of respect for the child’s parents, his or her own cultural identity, language and values, for the national values of the country in which the child is living, the country from which he or she may originate, and for civilizations different from his or her own;

 The groundwork of the child for responsible life in a free society, in the spirit of understanding, peace, tolerance, equality of sexes, and friendship among all peoples, ethnic, national and religious groups and persons of indigenous origin;

It has been stated that the States Parties recognize the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child’s education, or to be harmful to the child’s health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development. It has clearly mentioned that the States Parties should take lawmaking, managerial, societal and enlightening measures to ensure the implementation of the present article. To this end and having regard to the relevant provisions of other international instruments, States Parties should in particular:

 Provide for a minimum age or minimum ages for admission to employment;

 Provide for appropriate regulation of the hours and conditions of employment;

 Provide for appropriate penalties or other sanctions to ensure the effective enforcement of the present article.

 It has been stated that the states Parties should take all appropriate measures, including legislative, administrative, social and educational measures, to protect children from the illicit use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances as defined in the relevant international treaties and to prevent the use of children in the illicit production and trafficking of such substances.

It has been stated that the States Parties undertake to protect the child from all forms of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse. For these purposes, States Parties should in particular take all appropriate national, bilateral and multilateral measures to prevent: States Parties should take all appropriate national, bilateral and multilateral measures to prevent the abduction of, the sale of or traffic in children for any purpose or in any form.

 The inducement or coercion of a child to engage in any unlawful sexual activity;

 The exploitative use of children in prostitution or other unlawful sexual practices;

 The exploitative use of children in pornographic performances and materials.

It has been specified that the States Parties should ensure the following criteria: No child should be subjected to torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Neither capital punishment nor life imprisonment without possibility of release should be imposed for offences committed by persons below eighteen years of age;

 No child should be underprivileged of his or her liberty illegitimately or arbitrarily. The arrest, detention or imprisonment of a child should be in conformity with the law and should be used only as a measure of last resort and for the shortest appropriate period of time;

 Every child deprived of liberty should be treated with humanity and respect for the inherent dignity of the human person and in a manner which takes into account the needs of persons of his or her age. In particular, every child deprived of liberty should be separated from adults unless it is considered in the child’s best interest not to do so and should have the right to maintain contact with his or her family through correspondence and visits, save in exceptional circumstances;

 Every child deprived of his or her liberty should have the right to on time access to legal and other appropriate assistance, as well as the right to challenge the legality of the deprivation of his or her liberty before a court or other competent, independent and impartial authority and to a prompt decision on any such action. It has been stated that the States Parties undertake to respect and to ensure respect for rules of international humanitarian law applicable to them in armed conflicts which are relevant to the child.

There is no denying the fact that the States Parties should take all feasible measures to ensure that persons who have not attained the age of fifteen years do not take a direct part in hostilities. It has been stated the States Parties should refrain from recruiting any person who has not attained the age of fifteen years into their armed forces. In recruiting among those persons who have attained the age of fifteen years but who have not attained the age of eighteen years, States Parties should endeavor to give priority to those who are oldest. In accordance with their obligations under international humanitarian law to protect the civilian population in armed conflicts, States Parties should take all feasible measures to ensure protection and care of children who are affected by an armed conflict. It has been stated that the States Parties should take all appropriate measures to promote physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration of a child victim of: any form of neglect, exploitation, or abuse; torture or any other form of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or chastisement; or equipped conflicts. Such recovery and reintegration should take place in an environment which fosters the health, self-respect and self-esteem of the child. States Parties recognize the right of every child alleged as, accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law to be treated in a manner consistent with the promotion of the child’s sense of dignity and worth, which reinforces the child’s respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of others and which takes into account the child’s age and the desirability of promoting the child’s reintegration and the child’s assuming a constructive role in society.

To this end and having regard to the relevant provisions of international instruments, States Parties should, in particular, ensure that:

No child should be suspected as, be lay blame on of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law by reason of acts or omissions that were not prohibited by national or international law at the time they were committed;

To have the free assistance of an interpreter if the child cannot understand or speak the language used;

To have his or her privacy fully respected at all stages of the proceedings. 3. States Parties should seek to promote the establishment of laws, procedures, authorities and institutions specifically applicable to children alleged as, accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law, and, in particular:

The establishment of a minimum age below which children should be presumed not to have the capacity to infringe the penal law;

Whenever appropriate and desirable, measures for dealing with such children without resorting to judicial proceedings, providing that human rights and legal safeguards are fully respected.

It has been affirmed the child shall be scheduled instantly after confinement and shall have the precise from birth to a name, the right preserve nationality and. as far, and the right to know and be concerned for by his or her parents. It has been stated in UN charter that the States Parties should make certain the completion of these rights as per their general law and their requirement under the relevant global instruments in this field, in particular where the child would otherwise be stateless. It has been stated the states Parties undertake to respect the right of the child to preserve his or her uniqueness, including nationality, name and family members as standard by law without against the law involvement. The children who are found begging need to be sorted out and they should be positioned in a place which is suitable for their development. The social authorities and other welfare organization should come forward to settle them in a systematic manner. Other wise the hopes and aspiration would be nipped in the bud and in this context, Somerset Maugham says,”

It is difficult to pass over the razor’s edge,

But the wise say the path to salvation is hard”